Mechanical measurement theory and technology is the main process to obtain mechanical physical information, and the booster to promote the progress of industrial production and manufacturing technology. With China's gradual upgrade from capital- and labor-intensive industries to knowledge-intensive industries, strategic emerging and high-tech manufacturing industries, such as integrated circuits, aerospace, high-speed railway transportation, and new energy vehicles, are becoming key areas for the next decade. To achieve high-performance and high-efficiency manufacturing equipment and processes, it is necessary to comprehensively obtain the service status of high-performance equipment in the operation process and the shape and performance parameters in the product manufacturing process in real time. Hence, this study conducts statistics and literature analyses on funded projects of National Natural Science Foundation of China and comprehensively analyzes the representative progress, research hotspots, and development trends in this field from three dimensions: precision, nano, and quantum measurements. Furthermore, it summarizes important theories, core methods, and key technology progress of mechanical measurements for high-performance manufacturing, discusses the key challenges, and clarifies the major scientific problems for the next 5-10 years.