Distributed optical fiber sensing technology is widely used. In order to use the variation law of birefringence in single mode fiber for vibration signal monitoring, considering the factors such as waveguide shape birefringence, stress birefringence and dynamic strain birefringence caused by vibration in single mode fiber, a single mode fiber vibration monitoring model based on Jones matrix and Stokes vector analysis method is established, the response of the model to 10 Hz sinusoidal and square wave vibration signals is analyzed by simulation and experiment. The simulation results show that the model can identify the type and frequency of vibration signal received by optical fiber.