In the detection process for the inner-surface of deep-hole parts, the correction of image geometric distortion caused by the characteristics of a curved plane has proven to be difficult. In this study, a geometric correction algorithm for structured light stripe imaging was proposed. Firstly, the deep-hole inner-surface model (DIM) obtained via undifferentiated modeling was established. Then, the geometric position correspondence relationship between the DIM and the deep-hole inner-surface plane model was established based on discrete mapping. Finally, the geometric distortion of the structured light image was corrected based on the mapping relationship. The test results indicated that the proposed algorithm can effectively improve the correction accuracy of geometric distortion to the sub-pixel level without considering the edge of the image. The maximum distance (i.e., distance deviation) between the corresponding stripes caused by the inconsistency of the slope is the distance deviation, which was 0.135 mm less than 1.5 pixels.