This paper used smoke to simulate specific aerosol environment. Based on Mie′s theory and Stokes vector, two-ray-path detector explored the change of the polarization state when the different polarized light passed the smoke. There were many factors including the atmospheric aerosol composition, concentration, particle size and the wavelength and polarization state of light source. Mainly the aerosol concentration and light source configuration were studied and measured. The results show that the different mass concentration of the smoke cannot change the horizontal linear polarization state. Degree of polarization of 45° linear polarized light and circular polarized light decreases with the increase of mass concentration of smoke. The change trend of degree of polarization on 460 nm wavelength is similar with that on 556 nm.