To address the issue of position correction and temperature distortion caused by walk-off effects in conventional Raman distributed optical fiber temperature measurement systems, a new single optical channel scheme is proposed. This scheme incorporates a model for scattered light power correction and a temperature calibration algorithm to ensure accurate temperature measurement along the fiber. First, temperature demodulation formulas for single Raman Stokes and anti-Stokes light are derived based on the temperature sensitivity principle of Raman scattering. Since temperature demodulation via a single optical channel is hindered by the stability of pulse lasers and photodetectors, a temperature calibration unit and signal power correction algorithm are developed. An experimental platform was then built to compare the temperature measurement performance of traditional dual-channel systems with single channel Raman Stokes and Raman anti-Stokes schemes. Experiments on a 12 km fiber demonstrated that the scheme using Raman anti-Stokes light achieves a temperature deviation of -0.3 ℃ to 2.2 ℃, with a root mean square error of 1.0 ℃ and a spatial resolution of 6 m, showing superior performance over traditional systems. This single channel system with signal power correction offers high sensitivity and eliminates the walk-off correction issue inherent in dual-channel systems, proving its practical value.