To achieve high-quality integration of large-aperture lens groups， a transmission wavefront detection system that can achieve micron-level accuracy detection on a meter-scale span is urgently needed. In this study， to solve the problem of large-aperture transmission wavefront quality detection， the relative tilt of components and the change in the system wavefront introduced by the support structure were obtained by combining non-narrowband interference with fringe tracking. First， according to the optical fiber interconnection architecture， a sub-aperture time-sharing multiplexing measurement system was designed. Second， the mapping relationship between the slope measurement and the final system wavefront was established， and the effects of the slope reconstruction process on the wavefront at different spatial frequencies were analyzed. Finally， a desktop experimental system was used to validate the detection principle. At the test wavelength of 1550 nm， the interference-sensing signal-to-noise ratio was >15 dB， the measurement range was better than 5 μm， and the detection accuracy was higher than 0.5 μm. Using the proposed method， the large-aperture lens transmission wavefront can be detected over a wide range， with high robustness and high accuracy； this is of considerable significance for the construction of large-aperture large-field of view telescopes.