The basic method of describing the polarization characteristics of atmospheric scattering light is discussed. According to the Rayleigh and Mie scattering theories, transfer Mueller matrix is given to respectively establish the models for the single polarization characteristic of atmosphere molecule and aerosol scattering lights. Meanwhile, through simulating the values calculation, the polarization characteristics of nature light, horizontal linear polarization light and 45°linear polarization light are studied, which are influenced by the atmosphere molecule and aerosol. Lastly, a method of vector transfer equation is given to deal with the polarization problems when the atmospheric scattering light scatters more times.