The pixels of the different colors and same gray can be assorted easily，which can result in the quantization errors and impact the evaluation results，when the grayscale is quantified. Based on the HSV color space，combining with the visual characteristics of the human eye，the quantitative range of the color is determined and the color histogram suitable for the camouflage characteristics is established. The camouflage effectiveness of the target color characteristics is evaluated using the distance function. The experimental results show that the evaluation of the camouflage effectiveness using the improved quantitative color histogram can objectively evaluate the target and its background color characteristics，and evaluation results are consistent with the results of human eye. This quantitative color histogram can be used as a quantitative method for evaluating camouflage effectiveness of the target color characteristics.