Photoelectric interconnection technology has distinct advantages in military fields, such as photoelectric communication and navigation, high-performance processors, and civil communication. The demand for higher bandwidth continues to increase for the current high-performance computing and high-rate communication systems, whether it is board-to-board or the link between modules on the board. Photoelectric interconnection can be used to alleviate this issue, and reduce the system costs and power consumption, allowing the system to be downsized and high-performing. Optical interconnection technology is classified into three types based on the optical transmission medium: free-space optical interconnection technology, polymer optical waveguide optical interconnection technology, and optical fiber optical interconnection technology. The definition and three types of photoelectric interconnection are introduced briefly, and the development trends of polymer optical guide photoelectric interconnection and optical fiber photoelectric interconnection at home and abroad are expounded. After weighing the benefits and drawbacks of the three types of photoelectric interconnection, the key technology and development trends in this field are identified. It serves as a reference for future research directions in this field.