Surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy technology substantially boosts the interaction between light and molecules by confining the infrared light around the detection molecules, enabling susceptible detection of weak molecular vibration signals. Recent advancements in polariton in two-dimensional materials offer an effective strategy for enhancing surface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy because of their unique properties, such as highly confined electric field and low intrinsic loss. This study reviews the ongoing research progress of infrared spectroscopy technology enhanced by polaritons in two-dimensional materials. We begin by outlining the fundamental characteristics of polaritons in various materials and discussing the coupling mechanisms between polaritons and molecular modes. Building on this, we summarize the key research interests in polariton-enhanced infrared spectroscopy technology, including plasmon-enhanced, phonon polariton-enhanced, and near-field enhancement infrared spectroscopy technology. In conclusion, we provide a prospective outlook on the future development directions of polariton-enhanced infrared spectroscopy technology.