The wind speed fluctuation data with a sampling frequency of 4000 Hz are obtained by using a single-channel constant temperature hot-wire anemometer, and the complete wind speed fluctuation power spectrum including energy range, inertia subrange, and dissipation range is obtained. Based on the power spectrum analysis, the variation rules of the internal scale and energy dissipation rate of near-surface atmospheric wind speed turbulence with time are obtained, and the relationships among the turbulent internal scale, turbulent energy dissipation rate, and atmospheric stability are analyzed. These results are compared with the measured results of three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer. The results show that the near-surface turbulent energy dissipation rate ranges from 10 ^-4 m ²/s ³ to 10 ^-1 m ²/s ³, and the internal scale ranges from 10 ^-3 m to 10 ^-2 m. When the atmosphere is stable, the average turbulent energy dissipation rate is 0.0146 m ²/s ³, and the average internal scale is 0.0089 m. When the atmosphere is unstable, the average energy dissipation rate is 0.0592 m ²/s ³, and the average internal scale is 0.0077 m. Because the power spectrum analysis method directly measures the internal scale of turbulence, the calculated internal scale is the most accurate.