The thermal control technology for Mars surface takeoff and ascent is a key technology for Mars sample-return exploration，involving the temperature control for storage，the temperature control for Mars surface takeoff and ascent，andthe temperature control for Mars in-orbit flight.It has the characteristics of high temperature index requirements，large temperature control dimensions，and scarce resources.In this paper，the thermal control schemes of major Mars roversat home and abroad and the Mars ascenders ofthe National Aeronautics and Space Administration （NASA）are investigated and summarized.The results show that，according to the resource allocation，the thermal control technology of Mars surface probes mainly adopts two strategies.When the thermal control weight is not significantly limited，aiming at the reuse of waste heat，the mechanical pump driven fluid circuit technology is adopted to collect and transfer the heat of high heat consumption devices，in conjunction with conventional thermal control measures.When the thermal controlweight is severely limited，lightweight and low-power thermal control measures should be adopted.At this time，aiming at the lowest power consumption，the composite nano-aerogel thermal insulation technology is usually adopted to efficiently isolate the low-temperature convective environment on the surface of Mars，in combination with conventional thermal control measures.Subsequently，the key thermal control technologies for Mars surface takeoff and ascent are proposed，mainly includingthe nano-aerogel thermal insulation technology，the thermal insulation technology for in-situ resources on Mars，the mechanically pumped two-phase loop （MPTL） technology，the atmospheric dynamic thermal protection technology，and the thermal test simulation technology，which can provide some reference for subsequent Mars exploration.