Influences of transmission parameters of the spectral filter on the retrieval accuracy for atmospheric aerosol optical properties in high-spectral-resolution lidar (HSRL) are studied. The theoretical analysis model for retrieval error estimation related to the spectral transmission parameters is established based on a general three-channel HSRL configuration and the correctness of this error analytical model is validated by Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. The model and the MC simulation results indicate that the larger the molecular transmittance and the spectral discrimination ratio (SDR) of the filter are, the larger the HSRL accuracy is. Moreover, SDR dominates the retrieval accuracy at low altitudes while the molecular transmittance attaches more influences to the retrieval accuracy at high altitudes. These results are expected to be adaptable to many HSRLs which have the similar multi-channel layout thus can provide certain guidelines to the choosing or designing of the filter.