Traditional optoelectronic imaging technology, based on the principle of direct visual representation, fundamentally involves the direct and uniform sampling and reproduction of two-dimensional light field intensity signals in spatial dimensions. However, constrained by the physical and technological limitations of optical imaging systems and optoelectronic detectors, it has become increasingly insufficient to meet the growing demands for high resolution, high sensitivity, and multidimensional high-speed imaging in many fields. Computational imaging tightly integrates optical control in the physical domain with information processing in the digital domain. It offers innovative solutions to overcome the limitations of traditional imaging technologies, becoming the future direction of advanced optical imaging. From the perspective of the imaging chain, the optical control methods of computational optical imaging can be categorized into illumination control, optical system control, object control, and detector control. We focus on detector control—by introducing encoding devices (such as displacers, masks, and spatial light modulators) at the focal plane of the image sensor at the end of the imaging chain to regulate the high-dimensional light field. Coupled with post-processing reconstruction algorithms, this approach enables the decoupling of intensity, phase, 3D structure, light field information, and spectrum, paving the way for high-performance optoelectronic imaging and detection. These methods have the potential to overcome the inherent bottlenecks of traditional optoelectronic imaging, such as limited imaging dimensions and single-mode imaging, providing new avenues for achieving high resolution, multidimensional, hyperspectral, miniaturized, and ultrafast imaging.