Camouflage effect evaluation is an important content in the development of camouflage technology. In order to make full use of spectral details to evaluate the hyperspectral camouflage effect of targets, a camouflage effect evaluation method based on spectral indices was proposed, which had the advantages of visualization and quantitative analysis. In terms of visualization, the hyperspectral image was segmented by spectral indices to realize the camouflage effect evaluation of visual interpretation. In terms of quantitative analysis, based on the existing remote sensing spectral indexes, the new camouflage spectral indexes were constructed to quantify the spectral characteristics of the target and background, and the spectral consistency coefficient index was proposed to weight and synthesize the spectral indexes, so as to quantitatively evaluate the camouflage effect of the target. The experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively identify the hyperspectral camouflage effect before and after target camouflage, and when the similarity of traditional indices reaches more than 99%, this method can still effectively identify the target and give an objective evaluation. Its evaluation results are more accurate, comprehensive, scientific and reasonable in terms of the consistency of single spectral segment and the overall matching of wide spectral segment.