Due to the deficiency of classic electromagnetic theory in characterizing the scattering intensity, a quantum mechanical model based on spontaneous Raman scattering is proposed and deduced, where matter and electromagnetic waves are dealt with separately, and the interaction between them are considered as perturbations. The theories of optical fiber quantum sensing are studied through the analysis of scattering in fiber core. On this basis, the principle of distributed quantum sensor based on Raman scattering is studied. And a model of fiber quantum temperature sensing based on Raman scattering is then proposed. A distributed fiber quantum sensing experimental system is developed. The technical parameters of the distributed quantum temperature sensing experimental system are measured, and the performances of the system are experimentally verified. Results show that the distributed fiber quantum temperature sensing system can accurately locate the monitoring points, and the temperature measurement accuracy is high.