With the advancement of technology, traditional surface-mounted fiber optic gratings can no longer meet the requirements for monitoring wind turbine systems. Therefore, this paper proposes a method for monitoring the damage of carbon fiber composite materials in wind turbine blades using an embedded Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensing network. Firstly, a three-dimensional model of the carbon fiber composite material test specimen is created, and finite element simulation is carried out to determine the placement of FBGs. Subsequently, FBGs are embedded into the test specimens and mechanical performance tests are conducted to monitor the strain values and related damage at each sensing point. Finally, an ultrasonic non-destructive testing is performed to verify the test specimens. Experimental results demonstrate that embedded FBGs can dynamically monitor the internal damage of carbon fiber composite materials in real-time, thus accumulating experience for structural health monitoring of wind turbine systems.