A dual-polarization spontaneous Raman spectroscopy measurement system based on volume phase holographic transmission grating (VPH) has been developed, which enables synchronous quantitative measurement of the concentration and temperature of major gaseous species components (carbon dioxide CO2, oxygen O2, nitrogen N2, water H2O, fuel, and intermediates) under a single laser pulse in a combustion field. The temperature obtained synchronously can correct the influence of temperature on the Raman scattering cross-section of species. Two sets of ICCD cameras synchronously collect Raman scattering signals in two mutually perpendicular directions, effectively eliminating fluorescence interference. This system can also achieve a joint testing technology of Rayleigh temperature measurement and Raman concentration measurement. The concentration and temperature were calibrated on the gas sample pool with controllable pressure and temperature and the McKenna standard burner; the temperature measurement accuracy is less than 1.06%, and the accuracy of component concentration measurement is less than 1.10%. In the combustion field of an aero-engine model combustion chamber, the simultaneous measurement for a single pulse (20 ns) of component concentration and temperature at three multi-measurement points in a single working condition was completed.