An adaptive differential evolution algorithm is proposed as a spectral matching algorithm to synthesize various target spectra with monochromatic light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The gaussian correction model is used to characterize the distribution of monochromatic LEDs. The standard AM1.5 solar spectrum and vegetation spectrum are simulated based on equally distributed LEDs,and the correlation coefficient and root-mean-square error are used as evaluation criteria. On this basis, the LEDs in the laboratory are used for experimental verification, and the fitting effect of the proposed algorithm is better than the simulated annealing algorithm and the genetic algorithm. The experimental results show that the proposed adaptive differential evolution algorithm, with automatic setting of parameters and good fitting effect, can be widely used in the LED spectral matching simulation tests and engineering practices.