Bioglass (BG) microspheres with a constitution of CaO-SiO2-P2O5 demonstrate promising applications in bone repair. It has been proved that the cerium ion incorporation in bioglass structure can provide materials with additional antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and angiogenesis functions. In this study, cerium-incorporated bioglass (Ce-BG) microspheres were prepared via a spray drying process. The effects of Ce content on the phase composition, degradation performance and in vitro bioactivity of Ce-BG microspheres were investigated. The results show that all microspheres are uniform in element distribution with relatively smooth surfaces and a high degree of sphericity. The Ce incorporation introduces a small amount of CePO4 and CeO2 crystalline phases. Along with the increase of Ce content, the degradation rate of Ce-BG microspheres slows down, and the effect of degradation products on the increase of environmental pH value is alleviated, and the pH value was found to be the lowest after 7 d of immersion for Ce-BG microspheres with mole ratio of Ce and Ce+Ca of 0.03:1.00 in Tris-HCl buffer. Ce-BG microspheres with different Ce content have good ability to induce apatite deposition in vitro.