Jet, also known as coal jade, is a type of coal with scarce resources and high costs, and it can be used as a material for art and craft carvings. Six jet samples were collected from Fushun City, Liaoning Province and Jimsar County, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, to analyse their petrographic properties and quality (i. e., maceral composition, maximum huminite reflectance, proximate analysis, and ultimate analysis) as well as Raman spectroscopic characteristics. The results showed that the macerals of the six jet samples are composed of mainly huminite, followed by liptinite, and then inertinite with a shallow content; moreover, the maximum huminite reflectance (Ro, max) is observed to be 0.41%～0.55%. The liptinite in the Fushun jet is mainly composed of bituminite and sporinite, whereas the liptinite in the Jimsar jet is mainly composed of cutinite. The Raman spectra of the jet samples from these two regions are considerably different from each other because their Raman structural parameters are dependent on the maceral and coal quality. The intensity ratio (ID1/IG) and area ratio (AD1/AG) of D1 and G peaks of the six jet samples increased substantially with increasing liptinite content and decreased significantly with increased huminite and inertinite contents. The ID1/IG and AD1/AG values of the Jimsar jet are considerably lower than those of the Fushun jet. It is because the Fushun jet contains a large number of bituminite and sporinite, and the aromatic ring growth exhibited by its molecular structure is poor. Additionally, the ID1/IG and AD1/AG values of the jet samples from the two regions showed a differential decreasing trend with an increase in the Ro, max value. The spatial arrangement of aromatic layers became more orderly with increased coalification degree. These results indicate that Raman spectroscopic parameters can effectively indicate the macromolecular structural difference observed in jet samples of different origins. Furthermore, this will provide a scientific basis for tracing the provenance of jet cultural relics in the future and provide insights into the development history of the handicraft industry and commodity circulation in ancient China.