Vascular imaging is crucial for medical diagnosis, and it facilitates disease diagnosis, disease progression monitoring, surgical planning and navigation, and patient prognosis evaluation. However, conventional imaging methods encounter challenges in rapid and noninvasively imaging of superficial blood vessels because of the similarities in texture and color with surrounding tissues. In clinical surgery, preoperative superficial vascular imaging and intraoperative vascular display are beneficial for reducing bleeding, facilitating surgical navigation and path planning, and promoting postoperative blood supply recovery.

A fluorescent imaging system in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II) to capture images of the forearm vascular network in patients was used in this study. The research involved 12 patients, with indocyanine green serving as a contrast agent for obtaining NIR-II images of the forearm blood vessels. These images were used to observe the anatomical structure of the venous vascular network. Furthermore, computer-aided analysis was employed to improve image quality, support surgical path planning and prognosis prediction, and provide valuable guidance for clinical practitioners.

High-resolution and high-contrast images are captured using NIR-II fluorescence angiography. The clarity of these images are enhanced using artificial intelligence techniques. Computer simulation was employed to simulate venous network reflux. The agreement between the measurement results obtained from this technique and ultrasound was evaluated using the Bland Altman plot and consistency measurements.

The acquired images are used to examine the anatomical structure of the venous vascular network and combined with blood flow simulation. This integration aims to assist clinicians in determining optimal surgical trajectories and predicting outcomes. The application of NIR-II fluorescence imaging and computational simulation techniques has potential in providing valuable support for surgeons in performing various vascular procedures in the future.