The refractive index structure constant Cn2 is an important atmospheric parameter reflecting turbulence intensity. Herein, a new Cn2 inversion method is proposed based on the coherence length r0 and isoplanatic angle θ0 data of the entire atmospheric layer to address the problem related to the fact that many initial input data are needed for inversion and inversion without single type data. Based on the generalized Hufnagel-Valley (HV) turbulence model, the theoretical relationship between r0 and θ0 is deduced. Based on the measured data of r0 and θ0 in Nanshan, Xinjiang, the seven parameters of the generalized HV model are obtained using inverse calculations followed by the determination of the Cn2 profile. These seven parameter values are substituted into the deduced theoretical relationship of r0 and θ0 to calculate the value of θ0 on any single day. The simulation results show that the variation trend of the fitted average Cn2 and single-day Cn2 profiles are in good agreement with the Xianghe model, and the coincidence degree is high. The average value of the daily correlation coefficient between the calculated and the measured θ0 profiles reaches 81.95%, and the highest value is 87%. The results verify the feasibility of the proposed method and provide a reference for the inversion of the Cn2 profile.