Hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope technology is an effective method to study the surface water-groundwater interaction. Based on the hydrogen and oxygen isotope component (δD and δ18O) of precipitation, river water and groundwater collected in the Shaliu River Basin of Qinghai Lake during ablation period, rainy period and freezing period in 2018, the paper aims to clarify the spatio-temporal differences between δD and δ18O values of surface water and groundwater under the influence of precipitation. We use the two-component method to reveal and ensure the interaction between surface water and groundwater of alpine steppe zone and alpine meadow zone in three periods. Results show that, the impact of precipitation on surface water and groundwater is different in space and time. Stable isotopic response of surface water and groundwater to precipitation on the time is the strongest in ablation period and the weakest in freezing period. And the stable isotopic response of surface water and groundwater to precipitation in alpine meadow zone is stronger than that in alpine steppe zone. In alpine meadow and alpine steppe zones of ablation period and alpine steppe zone of freezing period, surface water recharges groundwater, and the ratio is 80.65%, 93.36% and 89.44%, respectively. In alpine meadow and alpine steppe zones of ablation period and alpine meadow zone of freezing period, groundwater recharges surface water, and the ratio is 44.50%, 74.85% and 88.58%, respectively. Thus, this study provides a scientific basis for the optimization, allocation and management of water resources.