In order to solve the problem of ultra-low frequency vibration reduction of air-floating optical platform in horizontal direction and improve the output quality of ultra-precision experiments, the fluid-structure coupling theory of air-floating optical platform based on tuned liquid column damper (TLCD) is proposed to achieve optimal tuning control and improve experimental accuracy. First, the principle of TLCD is analyzed and the design range of natural frequency is deduced. Second, the fluid-structure coupling system of TLCD air floating optical platform is modeled and deduced. Then, the response characteristics and parameter optimization of the convection-solid coupling system are analyzed. Finally, the time-domain response and optical experiments are verified and analyzed. The results show that when the natural frequency ratio is constant, there is an optimal damping ratio which can make the maximum vibration reduction efficiency, and the vibration reduction efficiency at the resonance peak reaches 66.76%. At the same time, the TLCD damping system can be suitable for broadband excitation by adjusting the keyhole plate, and the effective control of the dynamic response of the air floating optical platform is beneficial to improve the experimental accuracy, which provides an effective control means for the improvement of the quality of ultra-precision experiment.