Air pollution not only affects climate change, but also seriously threatens human life and health. In the background of “double carbon”, greenhouse gas emission reduction and air pollution control have significant synergy, and they have the same roots and both involve changes in atmospheric composition. The solution of atmospheric environmental problems depends on the development of environmental monitoring technology. Spectroscopy monitoring technology has obvious advantages in the field of atmospheric stereoscopic monitoring and has become the leading direction of the development of environmental monitoring technology based on its strong scalability, non-contact, high sensitivity, and wide detection targets. At present, a series of mature atmospheric optical monitoring technologies, such as differential optical absorption spectroscopy, lidar technique, cavity ring-down spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy, and laser induced fluorescence technology by gas expansion, have been developed based on satellite, ground-based, and mobile platforms. In addition, the atmospheric environmental space-air-ground integrated stereoscopic monitoring technology based on multiple platforms has played an important role in pollution and carbon reduction. Promoting the localization of monitoring equipment and the monitoring technology to stereoscopic, automated, and intelligent applications through interdisciplinary integration has become the main development direction of atmospheric environmental optics in the future.