An algorithm for joint cell formation and power distribution in a visible light communication network was proposed to maximize energy efficiency. Based on user-centric design, a novel user clustering algorithm was proposed, and a between-within proportion clustering index was introduced to effectively reflect the separability and compactness of user clustering, determine the optimal clustering number, and form virtual communities by associating Access Points (APs) with clustering users according to the proposed measurement. Under the constraint of quality of service, the joint power distribution was solved iteratively using the Dinkelbach algorithm and dual projection sub-gradient algorithm. The optimal power distribution scheme and APs participating in the communication within the cell were obtained, effectively improving the energy efficiency. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can significantly improve energy efficiency compared with traditional algorithms.