The ultra-high performance concrete materials (UHPC) are developed rapidly and are widely used in bridge engineering and other fields. The corresponding advantages involve the reducing dead weight, simplifying reinforcement details, shortening construction period, and improving durability. The comprehensive economic and technical benefits are achieved. This review represented recent development on the UHPC building structures. The characteristics of UHPC structure and the current engineering application were summarized, and the basic design principles and methods were analyzed. Recent studies on the UHPC building structural components and joints were introduced, including lightweight thermal insulation sandwich roof panels, sandwich floor/wall panel-based prefabricated structures, two-way waffle slabs, post-poured beam-column joint in precast reinforced concrete frame, prefabricated frames based on the UHPC connections, etc.. Some methods and benefits of UHPC application in building structures were concluded. In addition, the future research aspects of UHPC building structure were also given to promote the application of UHPC in building structure and improve its comprehensive performance and quality.