A trampoline phononic crystal model was proposed based on the trampoline effect. The band structure and eigenmodes of trampoline phononic crystals were calculated by the finite element method. Compared with the conventional phononic crystals, the height of trampoline phononic crystal cylinder was selected to investigate the rainbow trapping effect. For the trampoline phononic crystals with different column heights, 16 trampoline phononic crystal cells were classified in the form of single number as well as ordered and random completely disordered arrays, respectively. The corresponding transmission loss curve was determined, and the influence of array combination form on the rainbow trapping effect was analyzed. Furthermore, three slightly disordered trampoline phononic crystal arrays were designed to analyze the influence of disorder on the rainbow trapping effect. The results show that the band gap width of the new trampoline phononic crystal is 2.1 times greater than that of the conventional phononic crystals. The ordered arrangement of trampoline phononic crystals has an obvious rainbow trapping, while the completely disordered arrangement has a strong ‘inverse rainbow trapping’. The attenuation ability of the three slightly disordered trampoline phononic crystal arrays to the excitation signal is basically the same as that of the orderly arrangement, indicating that the designed trampoline phononic crystal is robust to the slightly disordered arrangement of the array. This paper provides a reference for the directional design of rainbow trapping phononic crystal arrays with attenuation frequency domain and maximum attenuation amplitude.