With the development of new energy, photovoltaic power generation has been continuously promoted and applied. However, the current photovoltaic power generation system still has the problem of low power generation efficiency caused by insufficient cooling. The paper comprehensively compares various heat dissipation and cooling methods for photovoltaic power generation systems, and designs a cooling device for photovoltaic power generation systems based on the semiconductor heat dissipation principle. A heat dissipation and cooling module is made based on Peltier components, and pulse width modulation (PWM) signals are combined with the metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) to achieve the power control of the heat dissipation and cooling module. An incremental proportional-integral-differential (PID) algorithm is designed to achieve feedback regulation of the system. The human-computer interaction interface is designed based on MATLAB to realize the intelligent control of the system. Through simulation testing and physical testing, it is found that when the cooling temperature is set at 18 ℃, the device can keep the fluctuation range of the surface temperature of the photovoltaic panel within 1 ℃, which is of great significance to the improvement of the power generation efficiency of the photovoltaic power generation system.