In this research, the atmospheric, environmental, and aerosol parameters of the Da Qaidam area are measured by a modified multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) carrying various types of loads and joint ground-based observation equipment. Through the measurement data, this paper analyzes the characteristics of the aerosol particle in the near-surface layers over this area, including aerosol particle number concentration (the number of aerosol particles per unit volume of air), extinction coefficient, and meteorological elements. The results show that in the Da Qaidam area, the number concentration of aerosol particles in the near-surface layers varies significantly in a day and presents a double peak form. The concentration range is 75--220 cm ^-3, and the extinction coefficient range is 0.004--0.038 km ^-1. When the wind speed is lower than 6 m/s, the number concentration of aerosol particles is negatively correlated with the wind speed. When the wind speed is greater than 6 m/s, there is a positive correlation between them. Relative humidity has a small influence on aerosol particles, and a possible reason is that the dominant dust-type aerosol in this area is less moisture-absorbing. This research shows that refined atmospheric and environmental structures of the near-surface layers can be effectively detected by the multi-rotor UAV detection platform. This platform can help researchers understand the structure and change characteristics of the aerosol over this area and build aerosol models. It can also provide technical support and ideas for detection methods of aerosol, atmospheric, and environmental parameters.