Acta Optica Sinica, Volume. 44, Issue 2, 0214001(2024)
High-Energy High-Order Harmonic Generation Around 13 nm Wavelength Based on Hundred-Terawatt-Level Laser System
With the rapid development of high-order harmonic extreme ultraviolet coherent light sources and attosecond pulses, they have caught widespread attention in free electron laser seed injection, time-resolved angular resolved photoelectron spectroscopy measurement, and nondestructive nanostructure detection. There are many ways to generate extreme ultraviolet light sources, including synchrotron radiation, laser produced plasma, and free electron lasers, which can also be employed to generate high-energy extreme ultraviolet light sources. Compared to other light sources, high-order harmonics feature good coherence, short pulse duration, and device miniaturization. Currently, the high-order harmonic mechanism has been widely adopted to generate coherent light sources in the extreme ultraviolet region. We utilize a self-developed 200 TW titanium sapphire laser system with a maximum single pulse energy that can reach 8 J, and a main pulse energy of 7.9 J after beam splitting is transported to the free electron laser experiment for generating an electron beam source based on the acceleration mechanism of laser wakefield. The second laser beam is leveraged for high-order harmonic generation experiments. Both experiments are conducted synchronously to facilitate the simultaneous injection of electron beams and extreme ultraviolet seed beams into the oscillators in the future.
As shown in Fig. 1(a), the whole system is placed in a vacuum chamber to avoid strong absorption of extreme ultraviolet pulse, and the vacuum system maintains the background pressure of 10-3 Pa. The driving laser parameters include a center wavelength of 800 nm, repetition rate of 1 Hz, pulse width of 30 fs, and energy of 35 mJ. A plano-convex mirror with a focal length of 5000 mm and a focal spot diameter of about 400 μm is adopted. The length of the Ne-filled gas cell is 50 mm. The harmonic radiation propagates with the residual driving laser and then transmits through the iris to the measurement section. Two Mo mirrors and a 350 nm-thick Zr filter are placed behind the iris to attenuate the fundamental laser field. Then, the harmonic signals can be divided into two different paths via the moveable gold-coated spherical mirror. Absolute harmonic energy is measured with an XUV (extreme ultra violet) photodiode detector which is calibrated by the Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility to get the real spectrum response curve. When the spherical mirror moves into the beam path, the HHG (high-order harmonic generation) spectrum is detected by a home-built flat-filed grating spectrometer. The spatial harmonic distribution is obtained by calculating the longitudinal spectrum of the XUV charge-coupled device.
Figures 1(b) and 1(c) show the generated harmonic spectra. From the 41st to the 69th harmonics (19.5 nm to 11.6 nm wavelength), the total energy of HHG is about 78.7 nJ. According to the HHG spectral distribution, the single harmonic energy of the 61st harmonic (13.1 nm) and 59th harmonic (13.5 nm) is 13.5 nJ and 11.1 nJ, respectively. The conversion efficiency is
Extreme ultraviolet pulses with low divergence angle and high conversion efficiency are obtained by loosely focused beams, with a total energy of 78.7 nJ in the spectral wavelength range of 11.6 nm to 19.5 nm. We employ a 200 TW laser system homologous to free-electron lasing (FEL) and optimize the HHG extreme ultraviolet light source under this system platform to facilitate synchronous injection of FEL seed laser. In the future, wavefront correction technologies (such as deformable mirrors and wavefront sensors) will be adopted to further optimize beam quality, and higher repetition frequency lasers can be utilized to increase the average power of harmonics. This will have important application prospects in strong attosecond pulse generation, extreme ultraviolet pump-probe spectroscopy, and FEL seed source injection.
Get Citation
Copy Citation Text
Jixing Gao, Zhiyuan Lou, Fan Yang, Xiaojun Yang, Yi Xu, Yuxin Leng, Yinghui Zheng, Zhinan Zeng, Ruxin Li. High-Energy High-Order Harmonic Generation Around 13 nm Wavelength Based on Hundred-Terawatt-Level Laser System[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2024, 44(2): 0214001
Category: Lasers and Laser Optics
Received: Aug. 29, 2023
Accepted: Oct. 21, 2023
Published Online: Jan. 11, 2024
The Author Email: Zheng Yinghui (zhengyh@zjlab.ac.cn)