In order to study the influence of black carbon aerosol on the performance and transmission quality of satellite-ground quantum communication, the extinction efficiency factor of black carbon aerosol is obtained based on its complex refractive index and the Mie scattering theory. In addition, the influence of black carbon aerosol particle number concentration on the link attenuation, channel capacity, channel survival function and channel error rate of quantum communication is analyzed and simulated. The results show that when the transmission distance is 2 km and the black carbon aerosol particle number concentration increases from 1.2×10 ⁷ m ^-3 to 3.6×10 ⁷ m ^-3, the link attenuation increases from 0.5079 dB to 1.524 dB, and the bit error rate increases from 0.006 to 0.0101. Simultaneously, the channel capacities and channel survival functions of the amplitude damping channel and the depolarization channel both show different degrees of attenuation, in which those of amplitude damping channel attenuate more obviously. Therefore, black carbon aerosol has a significant impact on the performance of satellite-ground quantum link communication. In order to ensure the smooth progress of quantum communication and improve the reliability of transmission system, the relevant strategies and parameters should be adjusted to reduce the impact of black carbon aerosol on quantum communication links.