Basic materials, basic components, basic software and basic algorithms (abbreviated as “Four Foundations”) are the cornerstone of the development of China’s basic industry and high-tech industry. The next 15 years will be a critical period for China’s “Four Foundations” to achieve breakthrough against the siege, self-reliance, high-quality development and lead the world. Through strategic research, this paper analyzes the current situation of the development of “Four Foundations” in China, puts forward the core scientific theoretical problems faced by the development of “Four Foundations”, and suggests that the system construction from five aspects is conducive to breaking through the encirclement and surpassing the original innovation environment and system mechanism.