Marine mineral particles are one of the important factors influencing underwater photon transmission. In order to study the influence of marine mineral particles on the channel performance of underwater quantum communication, the relationship model among marine mineral particle group density, transmission distance and link attenuation is established and the simulation is conducted. In addition, as for depolarization channels, the relationship among mineral particle density, transmission distance, channel capacity and channel bit error rate is established and the simulation is conducted. The simulation results show that when the transmission distance is 50 m, the link attenuation increases from 0.098 dB to 2.92 dB and the link efficiency decreases from 6.2×10^-6 to 2.7×10^-7 with the increase of mineral particle group density. When the mineral particle group density is 1.0×10⁴ m^-3, the channel capacity decreases gradually from 0.97 to 0.6 with the increase of transmission distance, but the bit error rate increases exponentially. Thus it can be drawn that the influence caused by the extinction effect cannot be ignored in the transmission process. In the practical communication process, the parameters of the transmission equipment should be adjusted in time according to the environmental conditions in order to ensure the communication quality.