Dissolved organic matter (DOM) and microbial communities are closely related, DOM provides nutrients to microorganisms, and microbial metabolism can transform DOM. Their interactions affect the material cycle and energy flow of the ecosystem. In this study, surface (0~15 cm) sediment samples were collected from natural wetlands (river wetland, HL; lake wetland, HP) and artificial wetlands (paddy field, ST; fish pond, YT) in northern cold regions of China. Three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy and high-through put sequencing techniques were employed to reveal the DOM fluorescence spectra and fungal community characteristics of the different types of wetland surface sediment, and their correlation was further analyzed. The results indicated that four kinds of fluorescent components were identified from the surface sediment DOM fluorescence spectrum, including fulvic-like acid component(C1), humic-like acid component (C2), and protein-like component［tryptophan-like component (C3) and tyrosine-like component (C4)］. C1 and C2 were significantly positively correlated, while no significant correlations existed among them and the protein-like components. The relative concentration of C1 was higher than that of C2, while the relative concentrations of C3 and C4 were close.The concentration of DOM in YT was relatively higher than that in the other samples. At the same time, there were significant differences in the relative concentration of C2 and protein-like components in HL and HP and significant differences in the relative concentrations of C1, C2, and C3 in ST and YT. The dominant species of fungal communities in wetland surface sediment (excluding unclassified groups) were Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Rozellomycota. The Chao1 richness index and Shannon diversity index of fungal communities in YT were significantly lower, while the Simpson dominance index was significantly higher. The Shannon diversity index in HP was significantly higher than the other samples.C1 and C2 were significantly correlated with fungal community diversity, C2 was significantly correlated with fungal community composition, while protein-like components had no significant correlation with fungal community. C1 and C2 were significantly positively correlated with Ascomycota, C1 was significantly negatively correlated with Chyridiomycota and Monoblepharomycota, and C2 was significantly negatively correlated with Basidiomycota, Rozellomycota, Chytridiomycota, and Monoblepharomycota. Therefore, fungal communities significantly impacted the relative concentration of fluorescent components with relatively large molecular weights of DOM. This study analyzed the DOM fluorescence spectral characteristics and its correlation with fungal communities in the surface sediment of typical wetlands in the cold region of northern China, providing fundamental data for wetland environmental monitoring and evaluation and theoretical references for the rational utilization of wetlands.