It is an effective method to improve the automation level of aircraft skin damage detection by using machine vision. The global three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of aircraft skins is the key step in the detection process to locate the exact location of the damaged parts. In order to solve the problems of complex equipment, low splicing accuracy, and low processing efficiency in current technology, this paper proposes a rapid 3D reconstruction method for aircraft skins based on rear positioning and combined with structured light. The 3D reconstruction of the local area of aircraft skins is conducted by using the structured light 3D measurement system, and the rear camera synchronously observes the structured light system to determine its spatial position and posture. With the help of spatial pose data, the 3D topography data of the aircraft measured by the structured light system is fused into the positioning camera coordinate system to realize the rapid and high-precision non-contact measurement of the 3D topography of the large aircraft skin. This method provides effective technical support for the automatic visual inspection of aircraft skin damage.