The development of efficient visible light-responsive photocatalysts is of great importance to the advancement of photocatalytic technology. Bi2MoO6 was prepared via the citric acid (CA)-assisted solvothermal method and characterized by XRD, SEM, UV-Vis DRS, BET, and PL. The photocatalytic performance of the synthesized material was evaluated by ciprofloxacin (CIP) degradation, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aures) inactivation under visible light. Bi2MoO6 prepared with 3 mmol amount of CA, namely BM-3, exhibits the optimal photocatalytic activity. The CIP degradation efficiency of BM-3 reaches 89.5% within 100 min, which is 2.45 times higher than that of BM-0 prepared without CA. In addition, BM-3 could completely inactivate E. coli within 150 min or S. aures within 200 min, causing concave surfaces and cell aggregation due to the leakage of cellular contents. Multiple cycles of experimentation were conducted to validate the stability of BM-3. The wide visible light absorption range, large specific surface area, and efficient photogenerated carrier separation efficiency were key factors contributing to the superior photocatalytic performance of Bi2MoO6 synthesized by the CA-assisted solvothermal method.