To explore the enhancement effect and modification mechanism of silica powder on the frost resistance of basalt fiber pavement concrete, the decay law of mass loss, relative dynamic elastic modulus and flexural tensile strength of basalt fiber reinforced concrete with different freeze-thaw cycle times were studied by quick freezing method. By means of mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), the evolution of pore structure and interface structure before and after freeze-thaw cycle were analyzed, and the strengthened mechanism of silica powder reveals from the microscopic level. The research results show that 9% (mass fraction) silica powder has the best effect on improving the frost resistance of basalt fiber pavement concrete, the mass loss reduces by 62.35%, the relative dynamic elastic modulus increases by 14.68%, and the flexural tensile strength is improved 43.89% after 320 times freeze-thaw cycles. The MIP results indicate that the addition of silica powder refines the internal pore structure of the basalt fiber pavement concrete, reduces the number of pores, optimizes the distribution of pores suppresses the growth of mean pore-size and critical pore size. SEM images reveal that the addition of silica powder improves the interface zone structure between fiber-cement stone and aggregate-cement stone, and improves the frost resistance of basalt fiber pavement concrete.