In the applications of blue-green laser submarine communication and submarine detection, laser transmits through the atmosphere, air-sea interface, and seawater channel. The blue-green laser transmission channel presents complicated characteristics due to the influences of the sea fog over the sea surface, the variation of sea surface roughness and foams caused by wind speed, and the suspended particles in the seawater channel. Based on the Mie scattering theory, the rough surface scattering theory, and the vector radiative transfer theory, we study the laser seawater channel transmission characteristics under the above three influences, and discuss the influence of wind speed, sea fog visibility, and phytoplankton distributions on laser power attenuation in detail. The results show that the sea fog, the rough sea surface with foams, and the phytoplankton distributions in seawater channel affect the transmission laser power together. Among them, the influence of phytoplankton distributions in seawater channel on the laser power attenuation is most significant. The variations of sea surface roughness and foams caused by wind speed have a significant influence on the laser transmission angle domain and meanwhile have a certain influence on transmission extremal value of laser power.