This paper presents a time-domain matched filter for synchronous detection of linear frequency modulation (LFM) signals to consider the influence of poor anti-interference ability and distortion of visible light location source in space transmission and the signal to noise ratio (SNR). The SNR of a received signal decreases significantly with the increase in transmission distance. The matched filter is characterized by a combination of oversampling and a cross-correlation orthogonal algorithm. The application of the proposed filter to the visible light location of the LFM signal effectively improves the signal transmission distance. The logic design and integration of the LFM time-domain matched filter are completed using a field programmable gate array. In the synchronous detection experiment of long-distance visible light communication, the accuracy of synchronous detection of the matched filter is more than 99% at a communication distance of 6 m, which lays a foundation for the application of the LFM signal in the visible light location in the future.