Centering on the needs of Compton scattering imaging and measurement experiments, the development of X-ray Compton scattering experimental system and experimental research were carried out. The influence of the system collimator on the imaging resolution and the solid angle of the beam collection was simulated, and the structure of the experimental system was designed. Based on the study of the detection efficiency of the detector for different energies of X-rays, the luminous flux calculation model was established, the influence of detector parameters on the luminous flux of scattered X-rays was analyzed, and the detection efficiency of the system was improved. X-ray Compton scattering experiments were carried out, clear scattering images were obtained, and the scattering intensity of PMMA was preliminarily measured. The system can be used for demonstration experiments of Compton scattering imaging and studies of material scattering analysis.