Under the background of land use transformation in mountainous areas, the study on the evolution and transformation of rural landscape pattern has certain guiding significance for the sustainable development of modern agriculture and the optimization of landscape pattern in the same areas. This paper takes the Caotangxi watershed in the Three Gorges Reservoir area as the research object, using transect gradient analysis combined with landscape pattern analysis method, with the aid of ArcGIS 10.2 and Fragstats 4.2 software. Based on the topography and economic factors, five strips are set in the valley area and the mountainous/hilly areas to analyze and compare the gradient evolution and driving mechanism of the landscape pattern in different directions of the study area from 2000 to 2018. Results showed that: (1) The overall change of landscape types can be identified into relatively stable, decreasing year by year, and increasing fluctuations. The emphasis of landscape transformation is mainly reflected in the contraction of farmland, expansion of orchards, and restorative growth of forest land. (2) From 2000 to 2018, the landscape types in the valley of the study area were gradually diversified. Land use agglomeration showed a pattern of spatial intensification, while the landscape types in the mountainous and hilly areas gradually became simplistic and the forest land was restored. On the whole, the landscape pattern of production was transformed into a landscape pattern dominated by ecological economy and ecological regulation. (3) Social and economic development and agricultural policies have led to the land use transformation in the study area. Meanwhile, the rural landscape pattern has undergone a corresponding transformation in the context of land use transformation. The research results provide reference value for the rational use of mountainous land resources, ecological management and rural revitalization.