Under the influence of the optical properties of water, in order to detect underwater targets in real time, by studying the principle of visual polarization imaging of mantis shrimp, mimicking its unique compound eye structure, and using the amplitude and aperture-based segmentation techniques, a new underwater real-time polarization imaging system was designed. The combination of a four-channel array structure and a two-channel array enabled the real-time imaging of underwater targets using circular polarization and linear polarization techniques. The design of the system was realized by ZEMAX software, and the focal length is 35 mm, the F number is 4, the working wavelength is 436 nm～656 nm, and the half angle of view is ±2.5°. The designed results indicates that MTF> 0.7(@ 60 lp/mm), system dispersed spot <9 μm, distortion is less than 0.5%, which can meet the target requirements.