Optics and Precision Engineering, Volume. 23, Issue 1, 260(2015)
Robust video watermarking in H.264/AVC compressed domain
To solve the error-drift problem and improve the robustness of state-of-the-art open-loop video watermarking algorithms performed in H.264/AVC compressed domain, the characteristics of error-drift of open-loop watermarking method was deeply investigated. A new robust video watermarking algorithm without error-drift was proposed. Firstly, the error-drift mechanism of the open-loop watermarking method was analyzed in detail to derive the independent reconstruction error of watermarking information during the process of video reconstruction. Then, four watermarking patterns enabling to avoid the error-drift problem were proposed by the linear combination of reconstruction errors caused by watermarking. Finally, the watermark was embed into 4×4 subblocks with more non-zero coefficients by modulating the positive/negative correlation between residual coefficients and corresponding watermarking pattern, rather than previous algorithm directly adding watermark on the residual coefficients. Experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm decreases the average structural similarity(SSIM) values within 0.005, increases the bitrates by about 1.00%;and the bit error ratio (BER) is below 0.15 in face of the attacks such as requantization transcoding, additive white Gaussian noise and brightness adjustment. The results satisfy the requirements of video watermarking in compressed domain for transparency, bitrate stability, robustness and real-time performance.
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JIANG Gang-yi, LI Wen-feng, YU Mei, LUO Ting, WANG Jing. Robust video watermarking in H.264/AVC compressed domain[J]. Optics and Precision Engineering, 2015, 23(1): 260
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Received: Jun. 26, 2014
Accepted: --
Published Online: Feb. 15, 2015
The Author Email: Gang-yi JIANG (jianggangyi@126.com)