Femtosecond optical frequency combs have the characteristics of ultra-wide spectral range, ultra-narrow pulse width and ultra-stable pulse sequence interval. Not only can the periodic pulses in the time domain be used to achieve a large-scale time-of-flight ranging, but also the coherent spectrum in the frequency domain can obtain high-precision interference information. In the field of large-scale and high-precision distance measurement, the optical frequency comb can make full use of its advantages. The target distance measured by the system is closely related to the system parameters and atmospheric environmental factors. The atmospheric environmental factors affect the measured optical path through the refractive index. It is necessary to simulate the influence of the above factors on the ranging precision. The dual-optical comb method was selected as the high-precision ranging technology solution. The effect of system parameters and atmospheric environmental factors on the ranging precision was deduced in theory and simulated in detail, The simulation results show that as the repetition frequency increases, the effect of the jitter of the repetition frequency on the ranging result will decrease; reducing the repetition frequency difference between the two optical combs can improve the ranging precision; the influence of atmospheric environmental temperature jitter on the measurement distance is 1 μm/(m·℃); The influence of the atmospheric pressure jitter on the measurement distance is 2.6 μm/(m·kPa); the influence of atmospheric humidity on distance measurement is small. The simulation results provide theoretical guidance for the high-precision optical frequency comb distance measurement experimental system, which can provide theoretical guidance for the high-precision optical frequency comb distance measurement experimental system.