To solve the problems of storage and transmission of elemental image arrays in the integrated imaging system, an elemental image array coding and decoding algorithm that combines imaging geometry features was proposed. First, the offset of the corresponding image points in different elemental images were determined according to relevant physical parameters in the process of collecting the elemental image arrays. In addition, adjacent elemental images of each row in the element image arrays were grouped, and their coding sequences were determined. Then, the prediction image of the elemental image to be encoded was determined, and the residual between the elemental image and its prediction map was calculated. Finally, the residual was coded using High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC). The traditional HEVC intra-frame prediction coding algorithm, which was formed by all elemental images in the elemental image array, was compared with the proposed HEVC coding algorithm. The experimental results show that the quality of decoded images using the proposed algorithm improved from 10 dB to 25 dB under the same bit rate, demonstrating the efficient coding performance of the proposed algorithm.