Aiming at the problem that the heat of high-power optical devices and equipment seriously affects their stability, performance and service life, an intelligent and efficient thermoelectric cooling system based on energy feedback is proposed. Based on high precision temperature control realized by the improved incremental proportional integral differential (PID) algorithm, energy recovery mechanism isused to promote the efficiency of the thermoelectric cooler (TEC) refrigeration. Photovoltaic (PV) power management strategy is used through PC monitoring and control of the two groups of efficient storage battery charging and discharging switch. At the same time, Python+PyQt5 is used to build a visual operation graphical interface. The results show that an experimental system for circuit information monitoring and temperature efficient control of TEC device is designed and realized. This study is expected to provide a feasible cooling scheme for high-power optical devices and systems.