Water is a basic need for life and health. Human production and life are inseparable from water. Excessive nitrogen and phosphorus in the water body lead to excess nutrients, resulting in eutrophication of the water body, and then the deterioration of water quality has a wide-ranging impact. The application of hyperspectral remote sensing in the inland water quality monitoring field is becoming more and more extensive. Based on this research, to reduce the influence of outdoor water body-specific factors, this study builds an experimental laboratory system by simulating external conditions in the laboratory. According to national emission standards, this study prepares 40 sodium phosphate standard solutions with different concentration gradients in the concentration range of 0～2.5 mg·L-1 and 40 different concentration gradient ammonium chloride standard solutions in the concentration range of 0～20 mg·L-1. After obtaining hyperspectral images of all standard solutions, The spectral responses of water quality parameters total phosphorus and total nitrogen were analyzed. This study finds the sensitive bands corresponding to total phosphorus and total nitrogen at around 420, 720 nm and around 410 nm. Building a hyperspectral water quality inversion dataset using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). By preprocessing hyperspectral image radiometric calibration, Savitzky-Golay filtering (SG filtering), and using the BP artificial neural network method to construct a laboratory hyperspectral water quality inversion model. The coefficient of determination of the constructed laboratory hyperspectral total phosphorus inversion model is 0.980 2, and the determination coefficient of the laboratory hyperspectral total nitrogen inversion model is 0.860 2. Taking an indoor river in Yixing, Jiangsu as the research object. The model is applied to the outdoor hyperspectral image data obtained by the outdoor UAV equipped with the hyperspectral imaging system. The inversion accuracies of the mean concentrations of total phosphorus and total nitrogen are 95.00% and 93.52%, respectively. The outdoor hyperspectral water quality inversion model constructed by using the traditional method to directly draw water from the observation points of the river to be tested the average values of total phosphorus and total nitrogen concentrations obtained at the same five points with an inversion accuracy of 86.87% and 86.48%. This study compares the inversion results of the two groups. It is found that the inversion accuracy of 90% of the spectral inversion results obtained by the laboratory hyperspectral water quality inversion model constructed in this study is slightly higher than that of the outdoor water quality inversion model. It is confirmed that this study can effectively predict the content of total phosphorus and total nitrogen in the river to be measured, and can also provide certain technical support for the hyperspectral remote sensing inversion of total phosphorus and total nitrogen in the water.