Quantitative evaluation has emerged as a critical aspect of industrial digital image quality assessment, particularly in the field of optical microscopy. It primarily assesses the quality of optical microscopic images by analyzing their features and attributes. In recent years, the evolution of various optical microscopic technologies has highlighted the importance of quantitative image evaluation. Furthermore, it plays a pivotal role in guiding the overall image processing workflow. This review comprehensively examines quantitative evaluation indicators and their associated algorithms, focusing on their model structures and performances. Moreover, it addresses the current challenges in this domain, outlines the latest developments in the quantitative assessment of optical microscopic images, and suggests future research directions.